シアソートを使用する

シアソート (shear sort) は、要素を正方形の格子(√n × √n)に並べ、行と列を交互に整列させていく。

本質的には次の二種類のフェーズを繰り返す。

  1. 行フェーズ: 各行を、偶数行は左から昇順・奇数行は右から昇順(左へ値が大きくなる並び)になるように整える。いわゆる蛇行方向が交互になる行ソートである。
  2. 列フェーズ: 各列を、上から下へ昇順になるように整える。

二次元格子上の行・列整列を繰り返す並列向けソートで、要素数 N に対し Θ(√N log N) ステップで収まる。

バブルソートやクイックソートが一次元のインデックス列を直接いじるのに対し、シアソートは二次元インデックスと「同じ行・同じ列だけが比較される」という通信制約が前提になる点が対照的である。

procedure shear_sort_rows_then_cols(A, side)
  repeat until snake_order_sorted(A, side)
    for row from 0 to side - 1
      if row is even then
        sort_row_ascending_left_to_right(A, row)
      else
        sort_row_descending_left_to_right(A, row)
    for col from 0 to side - 1
      sort_column_ascending_top_to_bottom(A, col)

蛇行順で昇順になった時点では、行優先に左から読むとまだ入れ替わったように見えることがある。実運用や見やすい一次元配列に落とすときは、文献でも触れられるように仕上げでもう一度だけ行方向に処理を足す(このデモでは各行をすべて昇順にそろえる)と、行優先読みでも昇順になる。

一次元配列だけを対象にしたソートに比べて、列の交換では画面上離れた二本の棒が動く一方で、行内の交換は隣同士に見える。

類似アルゴリズムとの相違点

バブルソートクイックソートは一次元配列を直接変更する。シアソートは二次元格子の行・列整列だけが許され、並列通信モデルが前提である。

計算時間量および空間計算量を計測する

Size Average time Maximum time Average memory Maximum memory
256 0.000018 0.001078 1854 1860
512 0.000043 0.000630 1866 1872
1024 0.000088 0.000508 1878 1884
2048 0.000243 0.000611 1914 1920
4096 0.000598 0.004951 1978 1984
8192 0.001687 0.005320 2106 2112
16384 0.004316 0.006946 2212 2304
32768 0.012391 0.017377 2792 2816
65536 0.039612 0.052896 3816 3840
131072 0.097635 0.298610 5864 5888
262144 0.312589 0.737209 9960 9984
計測に使用したコードを表示する

set -euo pipefail

WORKDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
trap 'rm -rf "$WORKDIR"' EXIT

cat > "$WORKDIR/Dockerfile" <<'EOF'
FROM rust:1.95.0

WORKDIR /app

RUN mkdir -p src

RUN cat > Cargo.toml <<'CARGO'
[package]
name = "rust-benchmark"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
CARGO

RUN cat > src/main.rs <<'RUST'
use std::{
    env,
    process::Command,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};
const MIN_POWER: u32 = 8;
const MAX_POWER: u32 = 18;
const RUNS: usize = 8192;
fn insertion_sort(a: &mut [usize]) {
    for i in 1..a.len() {
        let mut j = i;
        while j > 0 && a[j - 1] > a[j] {
            a.swap(j - 1, j);
            j -= 1;
        }
    }
}



fn shear_sort(a: &mut [usize]) {
    let n = a.len();
    if n <= 1 {
        return;
    }
    let side = (n as f64).sqrt().ceil() as usize;
    let mut grid = vec![usize::MAX; side * side];
    grid[..n].copy_from_slice(a);
    let phases = ((side as f64).log2().ceil() as usize + 1) * 2;
    for _ in 0..phases {
        for r in 0..side {
            let row = &mut grid[r * side..(r + 1) * side];
            insertion_sort(row);
            if r % 2 == 1 {
                row.reverse();
            }
        }
        for c in 0..side {
            let mut col: Vec<usize> = (0..side).map(|r| grid[r * side + c]).collect();
            insertion_sort(&mut col);
            for r in 0..side {
                grid[r * side + c] = col[r];
            }
        }
    }
    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n);
    for r in 0..side {
        if r % 2 == 0 {
            for c in 0..side {
                if grid[r * side + c] != usize::MAX {
                    out.push(grid[r * side + c]);
                }
            }
        } else {
            for c in (0..side).rev() {
                if grid[r * side + c] != usize::MAX {
                    out.push(grid[r * side + c]);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    a.copy_from_slice(&out);
}


fn benchmark_sort(array: &mut [usize]) {

    shear_sort(array);

}

fn is_non_decreasing(a: &[usize]) -> bool {
    a.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
}

fn same_multiset(a: &[usize], b: &[usize]) -> bool {
    if a.len() != b.len() {
        return false;
    }

    let mut left = a.to_vec();
    let mut right = b.to_vec();
    left.sort_unstable();
    right.sort_unstable();
    left == right
}

fn check_correctness_case(label: &str, mut input: Vec<usize>) {
    let original = input.clone();

    benchmark_sort(&mut input);

    if !is_non_decreasing(&input) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: output is not sorted", label);
    }

    if !same_multiset(&input, &original) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: elements were lost or added", label);
    }
}

fn few_unique_values(size: usize, unique: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut state = seed;

    (0..size)
        .map(|_| {
            state ^= state << 13;
            state ^= state >> 7;
            state ^= state << 17;
            (state as usize % unique) + 1
        })
        .collect()
}

fn run_correctness_checks() {
    check_correctness_case("empty", vec![]);
    check_correctness_case("single", vec![42]);
    check_correctness_case("duplicates", vec![3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]);
    check_correctness_case("sorted", vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    check_correctness_case("reverse", vec![5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
    check_correctness_case("all_equal", vec![7, 7, 7, 7]);
    check_correctness_case("skewed_range", vec![1_000_000, 2, 1_000_001, 1, 999_999]);
    // Static-buffer Grail skips the in-buffer build when key collection is sparse
    // (ideal_buffer = false). Exercising that path catches regressions in buffer gating.
    check_correctness_case(
        "few_keys_len16",
        vec![2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4],
    );
    for seed in 0..32 {
        check_correctness_case(
            &format!("few_keys_len32_seed_{seed}"),
            few_unique_values(32, 4, seed),
        );
    }
}


fn shuffled(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut v: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();

    let mut state = seed;

    for i in (1..size).rev() {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 7;
        state ^= state << 17;

        let j = (state as usize) % (i + 1);

        v.swap(i, j);
    }

    v
}

fn memory_usage_kb() -> usize {
    // VmHWM (peak RSS, KiB). Reported memory subtracts a per-size baseline that only
    // holds the input array, so the table reflects auxiliary space during sorting.
    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/self/status")
        .unwrap_or_default();

    for line in contents.lines() {
        if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("VmHWM:") {
            let kb = rest
                .split_whitespace()
                .next()
                .unwrap_or("0")
                .parse::<usize>()
                .unwrap_or(0);

            return kb;
        }
    }

    0
}

fn micros(d: Duration) -> u128 {
    d.as_micros()
}

fn input_array(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    shuffled(size, seed)
}

fn run_baseline(size: usize) -> usize {
    let _hold = input_array(size, 1);
    memory_usage_kb()
}

fn run_once(size: usize, seed: usize) -> (u128, usize) {
    let mut array = input_array(size, seed as u64);

    let start = Instant::now();

    benchmark_sort(&mut array);

    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
    let mem = memory_usage_kb();

    let expected: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();
    if array != expected {
        panic!(
            "sort failed with seed {} for size {}",
            seed,
            size
        );
    }

    (micros(elapsed), mem)
}

fn run_baseline_child(args: &[String]) {
    let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
    let mem = run_baseline(size);
    println!("{}", mem);
}

fn run_child(args: &[String]) {
    let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
    let seed = args[3].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid seed");
    let (elapsed_us, mem) = run_once(size, seed);
    println!("{} {}", elapsed_us, mem);
}

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--baseline-once") {
        run_baseline_child(&args);
        return;
    }
    if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--run-once") {
        run_child(&args);
        return;
    }

    run_correctness_checks();

    println!(
        "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
        "Size",
        "Average time",
        "Maximum time",
        "Average memory",
        "Maximum memory"
    );

    println!(
        "|{:-<11}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        ""
    );

    for power in MIN_POWER..=MAX_POWER {
        let size = 1usize << power;

        let baseline_output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
            .arg("--baseline-once")
            .arg(size.to_string())
            .output()
            .expect("failed to run benchmark baseline process");

        if !baseline_output.status.success() {
            panic!(
                "benchmark baseline process failed: {}",
                String::from_utf8_lossy(&baseline_output.stderr)
            );
        }

        let baseline_stdout = String::from_utf8(baseline_output.stdout)
            .expect("baseline process returned non-UTF-8 output");
        let baseline_mem = baseline_stdout
            .split_whitespace()
            .next()
            .expect("missing baseline memory usage")
            .parse::<usize>()
            .expect("invalid baseline memory usage");

        let mut total_time: u128 = 0;
        let mut max_time: u128 = 0;

        let mut total_mem: usize = 0;
        let mut max_mem: usize = 0;

        for seed in 1..=RUNS {
            let output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
                .arg("--run-once")
                .arg(size.to_string())
                .arg(seed.to_string())
                .output()
                .expect("failed to run benchmark child process");

            if !output.status.success() {
                panic!(
                    "benchmark child process failed: {}",
                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
                );
            }

            let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout)
                .expect("child process returned non-UTF-8 output");
            let mut fields = stdout.split_whitespace();
            let elapsed_us = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing elapsed time")
                .parse::<u128>()
                .expect("invalid elapsed time");
            let mem = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing memory usage")
                .parse::<usize>()
                .expect("invalid memory usage");

            total_time += elapsed_us;

            if elapsed_us > max_time {
                max_time = elapsed_us;
            }

            let aux_mem = mem.saturating_sub(baseline_mem);

            total_mem += aux_mem;

            if aux_mem > max_mem {
                max_mem = aux_mem;
            }
        }

        let avg_time = total_time / RUNS as u128;
        let avg_mem = total_mem / RUNS;

        println!(
            "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
            size,
            format!("{}.{:06}", avg_time / 1_000_000, avg_time % 1_000_000),
            format!("{}.{:06}", max_time / 1_000_000, max_time % 1_000_000),
            avg_mem,
            max_mem
        );
    }
}
RUST

RUN cargo build --release

CMD ["./target/release/rust-benchmark"]
EOF

docker build -t rust-benchmark "$WORKDIR"
docker run --rm --init rust-benchmark