スプレイソートを使用する

スプレイソート (splay sort) は、要素を順にスプレイ木へ挿入し、中順走査ですべてのキーを読み出して昇順にする。

スプレイ木は、参照したノードを根へ持ち上げる(スプレイ操作)自己調整二分探索木であり、直近にアクセスした要素へ素早く再び到達できる。

  1. 挿入: 入力値を順にスプレイ木へ挿入する。各挿入のあと、挿入したキー(または探索経路上の最終ノード)が根へスプレイされる。
  2. 取出し: 中順走査でキーを昇順に列挙し、配列へ書き込む。
procedure splay_sort(elements)
  T = empty splay tree
  for x in elements
    insert_splay(T, x)
  return inorder_traversal(T)

償却 O(n log n) だが、ノード用に O(n) の追加記憶域が要る(インプレースではない)。

等しいキー同士の相対順序は木の実装や等値を左子・右子のどちらへ入れるかの規約に依存し、一般には安定ソートではない。次のデモでは、同じ値の棒が画面上で入れ替わらないよう、挿入の比較を値が異なれば値、等しければ元の位置 id の辞書式順にしている。これは可視化のための工夫であり、素のスプレイソートが安定であることを意味しない。

procedure insert_splay(T, x)
  if T is empty then
    T.root = new node(x)
    return
  splay(T, x)
  if x = T.root.key then
    increment count at T.root
  else if x < T.root.key then
    attach old left subtree of T.root to new node(x)
    make T.root the right child of new node(x)
    T.root = new node(x)
  else
    attach old right subtree of T.root to new node(x)
    make T.root the left child of new node(x)
    T.root = new node(x)

類似アルゴリズムとの相違点

ツリーソートと同様に挿入後に中順走査するが、スプレイ木は触れたノードを根へ回転する。辞書向きの局所性があり、一度きりの全整列では回転コストが重い。

計算時間量および空間計算量を計測する

Size Average time Maximum time Average memory Maximum memory
256 0.000026 0.000202 90 96
512 0.000057 0.000243 90 96
1024 0.000121 0.000942 118 124
2048 0.000256 0.000892 170 176
4096 0.000551 0.003317 286 292
8192 0.001195 0.006143 510 516
16384 0.002808 0.004543 839 856
32768 0.006623 0.011735 1704 1744
65536 0.015182 0.024422 3496 3536
131072 0.037056 0.075927 7084 7124
262144 0.085347 0.132222 14251 14400
計測に使用したコードを表示する

set -euo pipefail

WORKDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
trap 'rm -rf "$WORKDIR"' EXIT

cat > "$WORKDIR/Dockerfile" <<'EOF'
FROM rust:1.95.0

WORKDIR /app

RUN mkdir -p src

RUN cat > Cargo.toml <<'CARGO'
[package]
name = "rust-benchmark"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
CARGO

RUN cat > src/main.rs <<'RUST'
use std::{
    env,
    process::Command,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};
const MIN_POWER: u32 = 8;
const MAX_POWER: u32 = 18;
const RUNS: usize = 8192;


type Link = Option<Box<Node>>;

#[derive(Default)]
struct Node {
    value: usize,
    count: usize,
    left: Link,
    right: Link,
}

fn rotate_right(mut x: Box<Node>) -> Box<Node> {
    let mut y = x.left.take().expect("rotate_right");
    x.left = y.right.take();
    y.right = Some(x);
    y
}

fn rotate_left(mut x: Box<Node>) -> Box<Node> {
    let mut y = x.right.take().expect("rotate_left");
    x.right = y.left.take();
    y.left = Some(x);
    y
}

fn splay(mut root: Box<Node>, key: usize) -> Box<Node> {
    if key < root.value {
        if let Some(mut left) = root.left.take() {
            if key < left.value {
                if let Some(grand_left) = left.left.take() {
                    left.left = Some(splay(grand_left, key));
                    left = rotate_right(left);
                }
                root.left = Some(left);
                return rotate_right(root);
            }
            if key > left.value {
                left.right = left.right.take().map(|r| splay(r, key));
                if left.right.is_some() {
                    root.left = Some(rotate_left(left));
                    return rotate_right(root);
                }
                root.left = Some(left);
            } else {
                // key == left.value: zig so the match becomes root (for count bumps).
                root.left = Some(left);
                return rotate_right(root);
            }
        }
    } else if key > root.value {
        if let Some(mut right) = root.right.take() {
            if key > right.value {
                if let Some(grand_right) = right.right.take() {
                    right.right = Some(splay(grand_right, key));
                    right = rotate_left(right);
                }
                root.right = Some(right);
                return rotate_left(root);
            }
            if key < right.value {
                right.left = right.left.take().map(|l| splay(l, key));
                if right.left.is_some() {
                    root.right = Some(rotate_right(right));
                    return rotate_left(root);
                }
                root.right = Some(right);
            } else {
                // key == right.value: zig so the match becomes root (for count bumps).
                root.right = Some(right);
                return rotate_left(root);
            }
        }
    }
    root
}

fn splay_insert(root: Link, value: usize) -> Link {
    match root {
        None => Some(Box::new(Node {
            value,
            count: 1,
            left: None,
            right: None,
        })),
        Some(node) => {
            let mut node = splay(node, value);
            if node.value == value {
                node.count += 1;
                return Some(node);
            }
            if value < node.value {
                let mut new_node = Box::new(Node {
                    value,
                    count: 1,
                    left: node.left.take(),
                    right: None,
                });
                new_node.right = Some(node);
                Some(new_node)
            } else {
                let right = node.right.take();
                let mut new_node = Box::new(Node {
                    value,
                    count: 1,
                    left: None,
                    right,
                });
                new_node.left = Some(node);
                Some(new_node)
            }
        }
    }
}

fn drain_node(root: &Link, out: &mut Vec<usize>) {
    if let Some(node) = root {
        drain_node(&node.left, out);
        out.extend(std::iter::repeat(node.value).take(node.count));
        drain_node(&node.right, out);
    }
}

fn splay_sort(a: &mut [usize]) {
    let mut root = None;
    for &value in a.iter() {
        root = splay_insert(root, value);
    }
    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(a.len());
    drain_node(&root, &mut out);
    a.copy_from_slice(&out);
}


fn benchmark_sort(array: &mut [usize]) {

    splay_sort(array);

}

fn is_non_decreasing(a: &[usize]) -> bool {
    a.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
}

fn same_multiset(a: &[usize], b: &[usize]) -> bool {
    if a.len() != b.len() {
        return false;
    }

    let mut left = a.to_vec();
    let mut right = b.to_vec();
    left.sort_unstable();
    right.sort_unstable();
    left == right
}

fn check_correctness_case(label: &str, mut input: Vec<usize>) {
    let original = input.clone();

    benchmark_sort(&mut input);

    if !is_non_decreasing(&input) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: output is not sorted", label);
    }

    if !same_multiset(&input, &original) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: elements were lost or added", label);
    }
}

fn few_unique_values(size: usize, unique: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut state = seed;

    (0..size)
        .map(|_| {
            state ^= state << 13;
            state ^= state >> 7;
            state ^= state << 17;
            (state as usize % unique) + 1
        })
        .collect()
}

fn run_correctness_checks() {
    check_correctness_case("empty", vec![]);
    check_correctness_case("single", vec![42]);
    check_correctness_case("duplicates", vec![3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]);
    check_correctness_case("sorted", vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    check_correctness_case("reverse", vec![5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
    check_correctness_case("all_equal", vec![7, 7, 7, 7]);
    check_correctness_case("skewed_range", vec![1_000_000, 2, 1_000_001, 1, 999_999]);
    // Static-buffer Grail skips the in-buffer build when key collection is sparse
    // (ideal_buffer = false). Exercising that path catches regressions in buffer gating.
    check_correctness_case(
        "few_keys_len16",
        vec![2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4],
    );
    for seed in 0..32 {
        check_correctness_case(
            &format!("few_keys_len32_seed_{seed}"),
            few_unique_values(32, 4, seed),
        );
    }
}


fn shuffled(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut v: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();

    let mut state = seed;

    for i in (1..size).rev() {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 7;
        state ^= state << 17;

        let j = (state as usize) % (i + 1);

        v.swap(i, j);
    }

    v
}

fn memory_usage_kb() -> usize {
    // VmHWM (peak RSS, KiB). Reported memory subtracts a per-size baseline that only
    // holds the input array, so the table reflects auxiliary space during sorting.
    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/self/status")
        .unwrap_or_default();

    for line in contents.lines() {
        if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("VmHWM:") {
            let kb = rest
                .split_whitespace()
                .next()
                .unwrap_or("0")
                .parse::<usize>()
                .unwrap_or(0);

            return kb;
        }
    }

    0
}

fn micros(d: Duration) -> u128 {
    d.as_micros()
}

fn input_array(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    shuffled(size, seed)
}

fn run_baseline(size: usize) -> usize {
    let _hold = input_array(size, 1);
    memory_usage_kb()
}

fn run_once(size: usize, seed: usize) -> (u128, usize) {
    let mut array = input_array(size, seed as u64);

    let start = Instant::now();

    benchmark_sort(&mut array);

    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
    let mem = memory_usage_kb();

    let expected: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();
    if array != expected {
        panic!(
            "sort failed with seed {} for size {}",
            seed,
            size
        );
    }

    (micros(elapsed), mem)
}

fn run_baseline_child(args: &[String]) {
    let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
    let mem = run_baseline(size);
    println!("{}", mem);
}

fn run_child(args: &[String]) {
    let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
    let seed = args[3].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid seed");
    let (elapsed_us, mem) = run_once(size, seed);
    println!("{} {}", elapsed_us, mem);
}

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--baseline-once") {
        run_baseline_child(&args);
        return;
    }
    if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--run-once") {
        run_child(&args);
        return;
    }

    run_correctness_checks();

    println!(
        "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
        "Size",
        "Average time",
        "Maximum time",
        "Average memory",
        "Maximum memory"
    );

    println!(
        "|{:-<11}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        ""
    );

    for power in MIN_POWER..=MAX_POWER {
        let size = 1usize << power;

        let baseline_output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
            .arg("--baseline-once")
            .arg(size.to_string())
            .output()
            .expect("failed to run benchmark baseline process");

        if !baseline_output.status.success() {
            panic!(
                "benchmark baseline process failed: {}",
                String::from_utf8_lossy(&baseline_output.stderr)
            );
        }

        let baseline_stdout = String::from_utf8(baseline_output.stdout)
            .expect("baseline process returned non-UTF-8 output");
        let baseline_mem = baseline_stdout
            .split_whitespace()
            .next()
            .expect("missing baseline memory usage")
            .parse::<usize>()
            .expect("invalid baseline memory usage");

        let mut total_time: u128 = 0;
        let mut max_time: u128 = 0;

        let mut total_mem: usize = 0;
        let mut max_mem: usize = 0;

        for seed in 1..=RUNS {
            let output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
                .arg("--run-once")
                .arg(size.to_string())
                .arg(seed.to_string())
                .output()
                .expect("failed to run benchmark child process");

            if !output.status.success() {
                panic!(
                    "benchmark child process failed: {}",
                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
                );
            }

            let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout)
                .expect("child process returned non-UTF-8 output");
            let mut fields = stdout.split_whitespace();
            let elapsed_us = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing elapsed time")
                .parse::<u128>()
                .expect("invalid elapsed time");
            let mem = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing memory usage")
                .parse::<usize>()
                .expect("invalid memory usage");

            total_time += elapsed_us;

            if elapsed_us > max_time {
                max_time = elapsed_us;
            }

            let aux_mem = mem.saturating_sub(baseline_mem);

            total_mem += aux_mem;

            if aux_mem > max_mem {
                max_mem = aux_mem;
            }
        }

        let avg_time = total_time / RUNS as u128;
        let avg_mem = total_mem / RUNS;

        println!(
            "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
            size,
            format!("{}.{:06}", avg_time / 1_000_000, avg_time % 1_000_000),
            format!("{}.{:06}", max_time / 1_000_000, max_time % 1_000_000),
            avg_mem,
            max_mem
        );
    }
}
RUST

RUN cargo build --release

CMD ["./target/release/rust-benchmark"]
EOF

docker build -t rust-benchmark "$WORKDIR"
docker run --rm --init rust-benchmark