スプレイソートで配列を並び替える
スプレイソートを使用する
スプレイソート (splay sort) は、要素を順にスプレイ木へ挿入し、中順走査ですべてのキーを読み出して昇順にする。
スプレイ木は、参照したノードを根へ持ち上げる(スプレイ操作)自己調整二分探索木であり、直近にアクセスした要素へ素早く再び到達できる。
- 挿入: 入力値を順にスプレイ木へ挿入する。各挿入のあと、挿入したキー(または探索経路上の最終ノード)が根へスプレイされる。
- 取出し: 中順走査でキーを昇順に列挙し、配列へ書き込む。
procedure splay_sort(elements)
T = empty splay tree
for x in elements
insert_splay(T, x)
return inorder_traversal(T)
償却 O(n log n) だが、ノード用に O(n) の追加記憶域が要る(インプレースではない)。
等しいキー同士の相対順序は木の実装や等値を左子・右子のどちらへ入れるかの規約に依存し、一般には安定ソートではない。次のデモでは、同じ値の棒が画面上で入れ替わらないよう、挿入の比較を値が異なれば値、等しければ元の位置 id の辞書式順にしている。これは可視化のための工夫であり、素のスプレイソートが安定であることを意味しない。
procedure insert_splay(T, x)
if T is empty then
T.root = new node(x)
return
splay(T, x)
if x = T.root.key then
increment count at T.root
else if x < T.root.key then
attach old left subtree of T.root to new node(x)
make T.root the right child of new node(x)
T.root = new node(x)
else
attach old right subtree of T.root to new node(x)
make T.root the left child of new node(x)
T.root = new node(x)
類似アルゴリズムとの相違点
ツリーソートと同様に挿入後に中順走査するが、スプレイ木は触れたノードを根へ回転する。辞書向きの局所性があり、一度きりの全整列では回転コストが重い。
計算時間量および空間計算量を計測する
| Size | Average time | Maximum time | Average memory | Maximum memory |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 0.000026 | 0.000202 | 90 | 96 |
| 512 | 0.000057 | 0.000243 | 90 | 96 |
| 1024 | 0.000121 | 0.000942 | 118 | 124 |
| 2048 | 0.000256 | 0.000892 | 170 | 176 |
| 4096 | 0.000551 | 0.003317 | 286 | 292 |
| 8192 | 0.001195 | 0.006143 | 510 | 516 |
| 16384 | 0.002808 | 0.004543 | 839 | 856 |
| 32768 | 0.006623 | 0.011735 | 1704 | 1744 |
| 65536 | 0.015182 | 0.024422 | 3496 | 3536 |
| 131072 | 0.037056 | 0.075927 | 7084 | 7124 |
| 262144 | 0.085347 | 0.132222 | 14251 | 14400 |
計測に使用したコードを表示する
set -euo pipefail
WORKDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
trap 'rm -rf "$WORKDIR"' EXIT
cat > "$WORKDIR/Dockerfile" <<'EOF'
FROM rust:1.95.0
WORKDIR /app
RUN mkdir -p src
RUN cat > Cargo.toml <<'CARGO'
[package]
name = "rust-benchmark"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
CARGO
RUN cat > src/main.rs <<'RUST'
use std::{
env,
process::Command,
time::{Duration, Instant},
};
const MIN_POWER: u32 = 8;
const MAX_POWER: u32 = 18;
const RUNS: usize = 8192;
type Link = Option<Box<Node>>;
#[derive(Default)]
struct Node {
value: usize,
count: usize,
left: Link,
right: Link,
}
fn rotate_right(mut x: Box<Node>) -> Box<Node> {
let mut y = x.left.take().expect("rotate_right");
x.left = y.right.take();
y.right = Some(x);
y
}
fn rotate_left(mut x: Box<Node>) -> Box<Node> {
let mut y = x.right.take().expect("rotate_left");
x.right = y.left.take();
y.left = Some(x);
y
}
fn splay(mut root: Box<Node>, key: usize) -> Box<Node> {
if key < root.value {
if let Some(mut left) = root.left.take() {
if key < left.value {
if let Some(grand_left) = left.left.take() {
left.left = Some(splay(grand_left, key));
left = rotate_right(left);
}
root.left = Some(left);
return rotate_right(root);
}
if key > left.value {
left.right = left.right.take().map(|r| splay(r, key));
if left.right.is_some() {
root.left = Some(rotate_left(left));
return rotate_right(root);
}
root.left = Some(left);
} else {
// key == left.value: zig so the match becomes root (for count bumps).
root.left = Some(left);
return rotate_right(root);
}
}
} else if key > root.value {
if let Some(mut right) = root.right.take() {
if key > right.value {
if let Some(grand_right) = right.right.take() {
right.right = Some(splay(grand_right, key));
right = rotate_left(right);
}
root.right = Some(right);
return rotate_left(root);
}
if key < right.value {
right.left = right.left.take().map(|l| splay(l, key));
if right.left.is_some() {
root.right = Some(rotate_right(right));
return rotate_left(root);
}
root.right = Some(right);
} else {
// key == right.value: zig so the match becomes root (for count bumps).
root.right = Some(right);
return rotate_left(root);
}
}
}
root
}
fn splay_insert(root: Link, value: usize) -> Link {
match root {
None => Some(Box::new(Node {
value,
count: 1,
left: None,
right: None,
})),
Some(node) => {
let mut node = splay(node, value);
if node.value == value {
node.count += 1;
return Some(node);
}
if value < node.value {
let mut new_node = Box::new(Node {
value,
count: 1,
left: node.left.take(),
right: None,
});
new_node.right = Some(node);
Some(new_node)
} else {
let right = node.right.take();
let mut new_node = Box::new(Node {
value,
count: 1,
left: None,
right,
});
new_node.left = Some(node);
Some(new_node)
}
}
}
}
fn drain_node(root: &Link, out: &mut Vec<usize>) {
if let Some(node) = root {
drain_node(&node.left, out);
out.extend(std::iter::repeat(node.value).take(node.count));
drain_node(&node.right, out);
}
}
fn splay_sort(a: &mut [usize]) {
let mut root = None;
for &value in a.iter() {
root = splay_insert(root, value);
}
let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(a.len());
drain_node(&root, &mut out);
a.copy_from_slice(&out);
}
fn benchmark_sort(array: &mut [usize]) {
splay_sort(array);
}
fn is_non_decreasing(a: &[usize]) -> bool {
a.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
}
fn same_multiset(a: &[usize], b: &[usize]) -> bool {
if a.len() != b.len() {
return false;
}
let mut left = a.to_vec();
let mut right = b.to_vec();
left.sort_unstable();
right.sort_unstable();
left == right
}
fn check_correctness_case(label: &str, mut input: Vec<usize>) {
let original = input.clone();
benchmark_sort(&mut input);
if !is_non_decreasing(&input) {
panic!("correctness case {}: output is not sorted", label);
}
if !same_multiset(&input, &original) {
panic!("correctness case {}: elements were lost or added", label);
}
}
fn few_unique_values(size: usize, unique: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
let mut state = seed;
(0..size)
.map(|_| {
state ^= state << 13;
state ^= state >> 7;
state ^= state << 17;
(state as usize % unique) + 1
})
.collect()
}
fn run_correctness_checks() {
check_correctness_case("empty", vec![]);
check_correctness_case("single", vec![42]);
check_correctness_case("duplicates", vec![3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]);
check_correctness_case("sorted", vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
check_correctness_case("reverse", vec![5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
check_correctness_case("all_equal", vec![7, 7, 7, 7]);
check_correctness_case("skewed_range", vec![1_000_000, 2, 1_000_001, 1, 999_999]);
// Static-buffer Grail skips the in-buffer build when key collection is sparse
// (ideal_buffer = false). Exercising that path catches regressions in buffer gating.
check_correctness_case(
"few_keys_len16",
vec![2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4],
);
for seed in 0..32 {
check_correctness_case(
&format!("few_keys_len32_seed_{seed}"),
few_unique_values(32, 4, seed),
);
}
}
fn shuffled(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
let mut v: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();
let mut state = seed;
for i in (1..size).rev() {
state ^= state << 13;
state ^= state >> 7;
state ^= state << 17;
let j = (state as usize) % (i + 1);
v.swap(i, j);
}
v
}
fn memory_usage_kb() -> usize {
// VmHWM (peak RSS, KiB). Reported memory subtracts a per-size baseline that only
// holds the input array, so the table reflects auxiliary space during sorting.
let contents = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/self/status")
.unwrap_or_default();
for line in contents.lines() {
if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("VmHWM:") {
let kb = rest
.split_whitespace()
.next()
.unwrap_or("0")
.parse::<usize>()
.unwrap_or(0);
return kb;
}
}
0
}
fn micros(d: Duration) -> u128 {
d.as_micros()
}
fn input_array(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
shuffled(size, seed)
}
fn run_baseline(size: usize) -> usize {
let _hold = input_array(size, 1);
memory_usage_kb()
}
fn run_once(size: usize, seed: usize) -> (u128, usize) {
let mut array = input_array(size, seed as u64);
let start = Instant::now();
benchmark_sort(&mut array);
let elapsed = start.elapsed();
let mem = memory_usage_kb();
let expected: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();
if array != expected {
panic!(
"sort failed with seed {} for size {}",
seed,
size
);
}
(micros(elapsed), mem)
}
fn run_baseline_child(args: &[String]) {
let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
let mem = run_baseline(size);
println!("{}", mem);
}
fn run_child(args: &[String]) {
let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
let seed = args[3].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid seed");
let (elapsed_us, mem) = run_once(size, seed);
println!("{} {}", elapsed_us, mem);
}
fn main() {
let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--baseline-once") {
run_baseline_child(&args);
return;
}
if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--run-once") {
run_child(&args);
return;
}
run_correctness_checks();
println!(
"| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
"Size",
"Average time",
"Maximum time",
"Average memory",
"Maximum memory"
);
println!(
"|{:-<11}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|",
"",
"",
"",
"",
""
);
for power in MIN_POWER..=MAX_POWER {
let size = 1usize << power;
let baseline_output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
.arg("--baseline-once")
.arg(size.to_string())
.output()
.expect("failed to run benchmark baseline process");
if !baseline_output.status.success() {
panic!(
"benchmark baseline process failed: {}",
String::from_utf8_lossy(&baseline_output.stderr)
);
}
let baseline_stdout = String::from_utf8(baseline_output.stdout)
.expect("baseline process returned non-UTF-8 output");
let baseline_mem = baseline_stdout
.split_whitespace()
.next()
.expect("missing baseline memory usage")
.parse::<usize>()
.expect("invalid baseline memory usage");
let mut total_time: u128 = 0;
let mut max_time: u128 = 0;
let mut total_mem: usize = 0;
let mut max_mem: usize = 0;
for seed in 1..=RUNS {
let output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
.arg("--run-once")
.arg(size.to_string())
.arg(seed.to_string())
.output()
.expect("failed to run benchmark child process");
if !output.status.success() {
panic!(
"benchmark child process failed: {}",
String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
);
}
let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout)
.expect("child process returned non-UTF-8 output");
let mut fields = stdout.split_whitespace();
let elapsed_us = fields
.next()
.expect("missing elapsed time")
.parse::<u128>()
.expect("invalid elapsed time");
let mem = fields
.next()
.expect("missing memory usage")
.parse::<usize>()
.expect("invalid memory usage");
total_time += elapsed_us;
if elapsed_us > max_time {
max_time = elapsed_us;
}
let aux_mem = mem.saturating_sub(baseline_mem);
total_mem += aux_mem;
if aux_mem > max_mem {
max_mem = aux_mem;
}
}
let avg_time = total_time / RUNS as u128;
let avg_mem = total_mem / RUNS;
println!(
"| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
size,
format!("{}.{:06}", avg_time / 1_000_000, avg_time % 1_000_000),
format!("{}.{:06}", max_time / 1_000_000, max_time % 1_000_000),
avg_mem,
max_mem
);
}
}
RUST
RUN cargo build --release
CMD ["./target/release/rust-benchmark"]
EOF
docker build -t rust-benchmark "$WORKDIR"
docker run --rm --init rust-benchmark