バイトニックソートを使用する

バイトニックソート (bitonic sort) は、部分列を昇順・降順の2つの単調列(バイトニック列)に組み立て、距離 k の要素同士を比較・交換するバイトニックマージで整列させる。

  1. 分割: 長さ n(2の冪)の区間を半分に分け、前半を昇順・後半を降順に整えるよう再帰する。
  2. バイトニック列の形成: 再帰の底で長さ2の区間は1回の比較で昇順または降順になる。
  3. バイトニックマージ: 区間の前半と後半を距離 n/2 でペアにし、方向に応じて比較交換する。その後、半分の長さで同じ処理を再帰する。
  4. 全体: 最上位の呼び出しで昇順方向を指定すれば、配列全体が昇順になる。
procedure compare_exchange(A, i, j, dir_up)
  if dir_up and A[i] > A[j] then
    swap(A[i], A[j])
  if not dir_up and A[i] < A[j] then
    swap(A[i], A[j])

procedure bitonic_merge(A, lo, cnt, dir_up)
  if cnt <= 1 then
    return
  k = cnt / 2
  for i from lo to lo + k - 1
    compare_exchange(A, i, i + k, dir_up)
  bitonic_merge(A, lo, k, dir_up)
  bitonic_merge(A, lo + k, k, dir_up)

procedure bitonic_sort(A, lo, cnt, dir_up)
  if cnt <= 1 then
    return
  k = cnt / 2
  bitonic_sort(A, lo, k, true)
  bitonic_sort(A, lo + k, k, false)
  bitonic_merge(A, lo, cnt, dir_up)

並列比較ネットワーク向けで、逐次実行では O(n log² n) となり、要素数は 2 の冪を前提とする実装が多い。

類似アルゴリズムとの相違点

奇偶マージソートも固定距離の比較ネットワークだが、バイトニックは列を昇順・降順の 2 列に組み立ててからマージする。マージソートは可変長の部分列を併合する点が異なる。

計算時間量および空間計算量を計測する

Size Average time Maximum time Average memory Maximum memory
256 0.000015 0.000296 0 0
512 0.000032 0.000082 0 0
1024 0.000072 0.000154 0 0
2048 0.000159 0.000279 0 0
4096 0.000339 0.000531 0 0
8192 0.000683 0.001194 0 0
16384 0.001462 0.002619 0 0
32768 0.003151 0.004531 0 0
65536 0.006827 0.010484 0 0
131072 0.014820 0.021970 0 0
262144 0.031889 0.043370 0 0
計測に使用したコードを表示する

set -euo pipefail

WORKDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
trap 'rm -rf "$WORKDIR"' EXIT

cat > "$WORKDIR/Dockerfile" <<'EOF'
FROM rust:1.95.0

WORKDIR /app

RUN mkdir -p src

RUN cat > Cargo.toml <<'CARGO'
[package]
name = "rust-benchmark"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
CARGO

RUN cat > src/main.rs <<'RUST'
use std::{
    alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout, System},
    env,
    process::Command,
    sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering as AtomicOrdering},
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};

/// Counts live heap bytes and the high-water mark so auxiliary sort buffers
/// (swap Vecs, etc.) are measured as explicit heap growth during the sort.
struct TrackingAllocator;

static LIVE_BYTES: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
static PEAK_BYTES: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);

fn record_alloc(size: usize) {
    let live = LIVE_BYTES.fetch_add(size, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) + size;
    PEAK_BYTES.fetch_max(live, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
}

unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for TrackingAllocator {
    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        let ptr = System.alloc(layout);
        if !ptr.is_null() {
            record_alloc(layout.size());
        }
        ptr
    }

    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
        LIVE_BYTES.fetch_sub(layout.size(), AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
        System.dealloc(ptr, layout);
    }

    unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        let ptr = System.alloc_zeroed(layout);
        if !ptr.is_null() {
            record_alloc(layout.size());
        }
        ptr
    }

    unsafe fn realloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
        let new_ptr = System.realloc(ptr, layout, new_size);
        if !new_ptr.is_null() {
            LIVE_BYTES.fetch_sub(layout.size(), AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
            record_alloc(new_size);
        }
        new_ptr
    }
}

#[global_allocator]
static GLOBAL: TrackingAllocator = TrackingAllocator;
const MIN_POWER: u32 = 8;
const MAX_POWER: u32 = 18;
const RUNS: usize = 8192;


fn compare_exchange(a: &mut [usize], i: usize, j: usize, dir_up: bool) {
    let swap = if dir_up {
        a[i] > a[j]
    } else {
        a[i] < a[j]
    };
    if swap {
        a.swap(i, j);
    }
}

fn bitonic_merge(a: &mut [usize], lo: usize, cnt: usize, dir_up: bool) {
    if cnt <= 1 {
        return;
    }
    let k = cnt / 2;
    for i in lo..lo + k {
        compare_exchange(a, i, i + k, dir_up);
    }
    bitonic_merge(a, lo, k, dir_up);
    bitonic_merge(a, lo + k, k, dir_up);
}

fn bitonic_sort_range(a: &mut [usize], lo: usize, cnt: usize, dir_up: bool) {
    if cnt <= 1 {
        return;
    }
    let k = cnt / 2;
    bitonic_sort_range(a, lo, k, true);
    bitonic_sort_range(a, lo + k, k, false);
    bitonic_merge(a, lo, cnt, dir_up);
}

fn bitonic_sort(a: &mut [usize]) {
    let n = a.len();
    if n <= 1 {
        return;
    }
    if n.is_power_of_two() {
        bitonic_sort_range(a, 0, n, true);
        return;
    }
    // Classic bitonic sort assumes a power-of-two length; pad for other sizes.
    let k = n.next_power_of_two();
    let mut buf = vec![usize::MAX; k];
    buf[..n].copy_from_slice(a);
    bitonic_sort_range(&mut buf, 0, k, true);
    a.copy_from_slice(&buf[..n]);
}


fn benchmark_sort(array: &mut [usize]) {

    bitonic_sort(array);

}

fn is_non_decreasing(a: &[usize]) -> bool {
    a.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
}

fn same_multiset(a: &[usize], b: &[usize]) -> bool {
    if a.len() != b.len() {
        return false;
    }

    let mut left = a.to_vec();
    let mut right = b.to_vec();
    left.sort_unstable();
    right.sort_unstable();
    left == right
}

fn check_correctness_case(label: &str, mut input: Vec<usize>) {
    let original = input.clone();

    benchmark_sort(&mut input);

    if !is_non_decreasing(&input) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: output is not sorted", label);
    }

    if !same_multiset(&input, &original) {
        panic!("correctness case {}: elements were lost or added", label);
    }
}

fn few_unique_values(size: usize, unique: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut state = seed;

    (0..size)
        .map(|_| {
            state ^= state << 13;
            state ^= state >> 7;
            state ^= state << 17;
            (state as usize % unique) + 1
        })
        .collect()
}

fn run_correctness_checks() {
    check_correctness_case("empty", vec![]);
    check_correctness_case("single", vec![42]);
    check_correctness_case("duplicates", vec![3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]);
    check_correctness_case("sorted", vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    check_correctness_case("reverse", vec![5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
    check_correctness_case("all_equal", vec![7, 7, 7, 7]);
    check_correctness_case("skewed_range", vec![1_000_000, 2, 1_000_001, 1, 999_999]);
    // Static-buffer Grail skips the in-buffer build when key collection is sparse
    // (ideal_buffer = false). Exercising that path catches regressions in buffer gating.
    check_correctness_case(
        "few_keys_len16",
        vec![2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4],
    );
    // Seed 0 is a fixed point of the xorshift below, so it would degenerate into
    // yet another all-equal case instead of a 4-value mix. Start at 1.
    for seed in 1..=32 {
        check_correctness_case(
            &format!("few_keys_len32_seed_{seed}"),
            few_unique_values(32, 4, seed),
        );
    }
    // Small-input cutoffs (insertion sort below 32 elements, etc.) hide duplicate-key
    // bugs in the recursive path, so repeat the duplicate cases at the smallest
    // benchmark size, which every algorithm must handle within reasonable time.
    check_correctness_case("all_equal_len256", vec![7; 256]);
    for seed in 1..=4 {
        check_correctness_case(
            &format!("few_keys_len256_seed_{seed}"),
            few_unique_values(256, 4, seed),
        );
    }
}


fn shuffled(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut v: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();

    let mut state = seed;

    for i in (1..size).rev() {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 7;
        state ^= state << 17;

        let j = (state as usize) % (i + 1);

        v.swap(i, j);
    }

    v
}

fn micros(d: Duration) -> u128 {
    d.as_micros()
}

fn input_array(size: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<usize> {
    shuffled(size, seed)
}

/// Peak heap growth during `benchmark_sort`, in bytes (explicit buffers such as swap).
/// Kept in bytes so the parent can average before rounding; converting to KiB here
/// would truncate sub-KiB buffers to 0 in every run and hide them from the average.
fn run_once(size: usize, seed: usize) -> (u128, usize) {
    let mut array = input_array(size, seed as u64);

    let base_bytes = LIVE_BYTES.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
    PEAK_BYTES.store(base_bytes, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);

    let start = Instant::now();

    benchmark_sort(&mut array);

    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
    let peak_bytes = PEAK_BYTES.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
    let aux_bytes = peak_bytes.saturating_sub(base_bytes);

    let expected: Vec<usize> = (1..=size).collect();
    if array != expected {
        panic!(
            "sort failed with seed {} for size {}",
            seed,
            size
        );
    }

    (micros(elapsed), aux_bytes)
}

fn run_child(args: &[String]) {
    let size = args[2].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid size");
    let seed = args[3].parse::<usize>().expect("invalid seed");
    let (elapsed_us, mem) = run_once(size, seed);
    println!("{} {}", elapsed_us, mem);
}

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    if args.get(1).is_some_and(|arg| arg == "--run-once") {
        run_child(&args);
        return;
    }

    run_correctness_checks();

    println!(
        "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
        "Size",
        "Average time",
        "Maximum time",
        "Average memory",
        "Maximum memory"
    );

    println!(
        "|{:-<11}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|{:-<16}:|",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        "",
        ""
    );

    for power in MIN_POWER..=MAX_POWER {
        let size = 1usize << power;

        let mut total_time: u128 = 0;
        let mut max_time: u128 = 0;

        let mut total_mem: usize = 0;
        let mut max_mem: usize = 0;

        for seed in 1..=RUNS {
            let output = Command::new(env::current_exe().expect("failed to find current executable"))
                .arg("--run-once")
                .arg(size.to_string())
                .arg(seed.to_string())
                .output()
                .expect("failed to run benchmark child process");

            if !output.status.success() {
                panic!(
                    "benchmark child process failed: {}",
                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
                );
            }

            let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout)
                .expect("child process returned non-UTF-8 output");
            let mut fields = stdout.split_whitespace();
            let elapsed_us = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing elapsed time")
                .parse::<u128>()
                .expect("invalid elapsed time");
            let aux_mem = fields
                .next()
                .expect("missing memory usage")
                .parse::<usize>()
                .expect("invalid memory usage");

            total_time += elapsed_us;

            if elapsed_us > max_time {
                max_time = elapsed_us;
            }

            total_mem += aux_mem;

            if aux_mem > max_mem {
                max_mem = aux_mem;
            }
        }

        let avg_time = total_time / RUNS as u128;
        // Memory is summed in bytes and converted to KiB once, after averaging.
        let avg_mem_kb = total_mem / RUNS / 1024;
        let max_mem_kb = max_mem / 1024;

        println!(
            "| {:>10} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} | {:>15} |",
            size,
            format!("{}.{:06}", avg_time / 1_000_000, avg_time % 1_000_000),
            format!("{}.{:06}", max_time / 1_000_000, max_time % 1_000_000),
            avg_mem_kb,
            max_mem_kb
        );
    }
}
RUST

RUN cargo build --release

CMD ["./target/release/rust-benchmark"]
EOF

docker build -t rust-benchmark "$WORKDIR"
docker run --rm --init rust-benchmark